Wild bee decline and conservation in North America
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24917/25438832.2.12Keywords:
causes of decline, conservation, diversity, wild beeAbstract
Pszczoły - to niezwykle różnorodna i ważna grupa owadów; około 4600 gatunków pszczół występuje w Ameryce Północnej. Dzikie pszczoły „świadczą usługi” w zakresie zapylania roślin, a ich działalność jest prawdopodobnie nawet więcej warta niż działalność pszczół miodnych na całym świecie. Są one słabo zbadane na większości obszarów, ale na terenach, dla których mamy wiarygodne dane, liczebność ich populacji obniża się. Wynika to głównie z przekształcania obszarów półnaturalnych na grunty rolne, a nowsze dane wskazują również, że pszczoły miodne mogą także wpływać na ich populacje. Aby zachować istniejące populacje pszczół, należy ustalić siedliska zapylaczy, w celu zachowania różnorodności dzikich zapylaczy w krajobrazach wiejskich i miejskich. W miarę jak populacja ludzi rośnie wraz z zapotrzebowaniem na produkcję rolną, musimy znaleźć sposoby „współpracy” z dzikimi zapylaczami i sposoby zachowania dla przyszłych pokoleń tysięcy gatunków pszczół, które żyją w Ameryce Północnej.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Aizen, M.A., Harder, L.D. (2009). The global stock of domesticated honey bees is growing slower than agricultural demand for pollination. Current Biology, 19(11), 915–918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.0371
Ascher, J., Pickering, J. (2017). Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist. http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species&flags=HAS
Basu, S. (2017). Proposed bee conservation and apiculture promotion initiatives for South Asia. NESA Newsletter, 20, 2–4.
Basu, S., Cetzal-Ix, W. (2017). Establishing bee sanctuaries in North America for conserving insect pollinators with special emphasis to native bees. International Journal of Agricultural Science, 8(1), 1–8.
Biesmeijer, J.C., Roberts, S.P.M., Reemer, M., Ohlemüller, R., Edwards, M., Peeters, T., Schaffers, A.P., Potts, S.G., Kleukers, R., Thomas, C.D., Settele, J., Kunin, W.E. (2006). Parallel declines in pollinators and insect-pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands. Science, 313(5785), 351–354. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127863
Cairns, C.E., Villanueva-Gutiérrez, R., Koptur, S., Bray, D.B. (2005). Bee populations, forest disturbance, and Africanization in Mexico. Biotropica, 37(4), 686–692. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00087.x
Calderone, N.W. (2012). Insect pollinated crops, insect pollinators and US agriculture: Trend analysis of aggregate data for the period 1992–2009. Plos One, 7(5), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037235
Cameron, S.A., Lozier, J.D., Strange, J.P., Koch, J.B., Cordes, N., Solter, L.F., Griswold, T.L., Robinson, G.E. (2011). Patterns of widespread decline in North American bumble bees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(2), 662–667. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014743108
Eilers, E.J., Kremen, C., Greenleaf, S.S., Garber, A.K., Klein, A.-M. (2011). Contribution of pollinator-mediated crops to nutrients in the human food supply. Plos One, 6(6), e21363. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021363
Ellis, J.D., Evans, J.D., Pettis, J. (2010). Colony losses, managed colony population decline, and colony collapse disorder in the United States. Journal of Apicultural Research, 49(1), 134–136. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.49.1.30
Foley, J.A., DeFries, R., Asner, G.P., Barford, C., Bonan, G., Carpenter, S.R., Chapin, F.S., Coe, M.T., Daily, G.C., Gibbs, H.K., Helkowski, J.H., Holloway, T., Howard, E.A., Kucharik, C.J., Monfreda, C., Patz, J.A., Prentice, I.C., Ramankutty, N., Snyder, P.K. (2005). Global consequences of land use. Science, 309(5734), 570–574. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1111772
Freitas, B.M., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.L., Medina, L.M., Kleinert, A.D.M.P., Galetto, L., Nates-Parra, G., Quezada-Euán, J.J.G. (2009). Diversity, threats and conservation of native bees in the neotropics. Apidologie, 40(3), 332–346. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009012
Fürst, M., McMahon, D., Osborne, J., Paxton, R., Brown, M. (2014). Disease associations between honeybees and bumblebees as a threat to wild pollinators. Nature, 506(7488), 364–366. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12977
Gallai, N., Salles, J.-M., Settele, J., Vaissière, B.E. (2009). Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline. Ecological Economics, 68(3), 810–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.014
Garibaldi, L.A., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Winfree, R., Aizen, M.A., Bommarco, R., Cunningham, S.A., Kremen, C., Carvalheiro, L.G., Harder, L.D., Afik, O. (2013). Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science, 339(6127), 1608–1611. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1230200
Goulson, D. (2003). Effects of introduced bees on native ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 34(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132355
Goulson, D., Nicholls, E., Botías, C., and Rotheray, E.L. (2015). Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers. Science, 347(6229), 1435. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1255957
Greenleaf, S.S., Kremen, C. (2006). Wild bees enhance honey bees’ pollination of hybrid sunflower. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(37), 13890–13895. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600929103
Hoekstra, J.M., Boucher, T.M., Ricketts, T.H., and Roberts, C. (2005). Confronting a biome crisis: global disparities of habitat loss and protection. Ecology Letters, 8(1), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00686.x
IUCN. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (2017). Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1.
Kleijn, D., Winfree, R., Bartomeus, I., Carvalheiro, L.G., Henry, M., Isaacs, R., Klein, A.-M., Kremen, C., M’Gonigle, L.K., Rader, R. (2015). Delivery of crop pollination services is an insufficient argument for wild pollinator conservation. Nature communications, 6, 7414. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8414
Klein, A.-M., Vaissière, B.E., Cane, J.H., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Cunningham, S.A., Kremen, C., Tscharntke, T. (2007). Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 274(1608), 303–313. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3721
Kremen, C., M’Gonigle, L.K. (2015). Small-scale restoration in intensive agricultural landscapes supports more specialized and less mobile pollinator species. Journal of Applied Ecology, 52(3), 602–610. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12418
Laycock, I., Cotterell, K.C., O’Shea-Wheller, T.A., Cresswell, J.E. (2014). Effects of the neonicotinoid pesticide thiamethoxam at field-realistic levels on microcolonies of Bombus terrestris worker bumble bees. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 100, 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.10.027
Morandin, L.A., Kremen, C. (2013). Hedgerow restoration promotes pollinator populations and exports native bees to adjacent fields. Ecological Applications, 23(4), 829–839. https://doi.org/10.1890/12-1051.1
Potts, S.G., Vulliamy, B., Dafni, A., Ne’eman, G., Willmer, P. (2003). Linking bees and flowers: how do floral communities structure pollinator communities? Ecology, 84(10), 2628–2642. https://doi.org/10.1890/02-0136
Samson, F.B., Knopf, F., Ostlie, W. (1998). Grasslands. In: M.J. Mac (ed.), Status and Trends of the Nation’s Biological Resources, 2, 437–472.
Sandrock, C., Tanadini, L.G., Pettis, J.S., Biesmeijer, J.C., Potts, S.G., Neumann, P. (2014). Sublethal neonicotinoid insecticide exposure reduces solitary bee reproductive success. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 16(2), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12041
Seeley, T.D. (1985). Honeybee ecology: a study of adaptation in social life. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
The Xerces Society for Invertebate Conservation. http://xerces.org/guidelines/
Williams, P.H., Thorp, R.W., Richardson, L.L., Colla, S.R. (2014). Bumble bees of North America: an identification guide. Princeton Field Guides. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Wilson, J.S., Carril, O.M. (2016). The bees in your backyard: a guide to North America’s bees. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
